Mixail Yampolski: “Kino tənqidi nədir?”

1.Kino tənqidi nədir?
Məşhur rus və amerikan kinoşünası, filoloqu, filosofu və incəsənət nəzəriyyəçisi Mixail Yampolski “Kino tənqidi nədir?” adlı məqaləsində ona belə tərif verir: “Tənqidin məqsədi – filmlərin interpretasiyası və “kinematoqrafik proses” adlandırdığımız mücərrəd konstruksiyaya inteqrasiyasıdı. Bu, kinoda gördüklərimizə anlam vermək cəhdidi. Və bu cəhd xaotik aləmdə məna və nizam axtaran insanların tələbatlarını çdəyir. Mədəniyyət özlüyündə dünyanı təqdimetmənin, daha doğrusu, varoluşumuzdakı xaosu nizamlamağın bir formasıdır». [1]
Burda “tənqidçi-tənqid” sözləri dar mənada – hər hansı sənət əsərində yalnız və yalnız qüsurlar axtaran insan kimi başa düşülməməlidi. Tənqidi ağ pərdədə, səhnədə baş verənləri, müəllifin müxtəlif obrazlarla, rəmzlərlə kodlaşdırdığı fikirlərini tamaşaçılara sadələşdirilmiş şəkildə, təhlil və analiz eləyərək çatdırandı. Təbii ki, bu zaman öz intellektual bazasından, təxəyyülündən yararlandığından tamaşaçıya ötürdüyü informasiya da həmin bazanın imkanları çərçivəsində olur.
Kinotənqidçi – təhlilçi
Kinoşünas – kinonun nəzəri əsaslarını yaradan şəxs.
Kino tarixçisi də adından bəllidi nə işlə məşğul olur. Məsələn, Jorj Sadul. Ən məşhur kino tarixçisi.
2. Tənqidin tarixi
Təxminən, XX əsrin birinci yarısından kino ilə bağlı tənqid-təhlil mövzulu materiallar, yazılar gündəmə gəlməyə başlayıb. Bu, o dövr idi ki, kinematoqrafiya artıq kommersiya məhsulu kimi auditoriyanı doyuzdurmuşdu və ondan yeniliklər tələb olunurdu, kinonun incəsənətin bir növü, yoxsa gəlir götürmək məqsədi daşıyan adi əmtəə olduğu barədə müzakirələr başlamışdı. Kinematoqrafçılar da məşhur pyesləri, bədii əsərləri ekranlaşdırmaq mərhələsinə qədəm qoymuşdular. Belə hallar – yəni ədəbiyyatdan yararlanma ona qədər də vardı – məsələn, Jorj Melyesin, Aya səyahət” filmi Jül Vernin “Topdan aya” və Herbert Uellsin “Ayda ilk insanlar” əsərlərinə parodiya idi. Ancaq burda yenə də əsas məqsəd daha çox tamaşaçı cəlb etmək, daha çox gəlir götürmək idi və ekranlaşdırma üçün müəyyən ekşn epizodlar seçilirdi.
Ancaq XX əsrin birinci yarısında bu hal kütləviləşdi, Fransada “Film d-Ar” şirkəti məxsusi olaraq ekranlaşdırma, professional aktyorların prosesə cəlb olunması ilə məşğul olurdu.
Ancaq kino tənqidinin bir sənət, ya da ixtisas kimi, sözün əsl mənasında, nüfuz qazandığı dövr, çox güman ki, II dünya müharibəsindən sonra- 50-60-cı illəri hesab eləmək olar. O dövr ki, kinematoqrafiyaya “müəllif kinosu” ideyası gətirildi. Hətta o vaxta qədər kino nəzəriyyəsi ilə bağlı kitablar, müəlliflər də, məhz, 50-60 cı illərdə oxunmağa başlandılar, yeni həyat qazandılar. Məsələn, alman kinonəzəriyyəçisi Bela Balajın 1925-ci ildə yazdığı “Görünən insan: film dramaturgiyası ilə bağlı oçerklər” kitabı ancaq 60-70 ci illərdə rezonans yaratmışdı -Jil Delezin sayəsində.
Və bunu ilk dəfə esseist və rejissor Aleksandr Astryuk elədi. Astryuk 1948-ci ildə yazdığı “Yeni avanqardın doğuluğu- kamera-qələm” adlı essesində ilk dəfə müəllif kinosu ideyasının nəzəriyyəsini təqdim eləmişdi. Kayu-de cinema – bu fransada nəşr olunan, Yeni dalğanın yaradıcılarını öz ətrafında birləşdirən jurnal idi – həm müəllif kinosu – yəni kinonun incəsənətin bir növü, rejissorun isə sənətkar olduğu ideyasını nəzəriyyə şəklində formalaşdırdı və öz ideologiyasına çevirdi. Artıq tənqidçilər rezenziyalarında filmləri müqayisə eləyir, rejissorların dəsti-xəttini müəyyənləşdirməyə, ümumiləşdirməyə çalışırdılar. Yeri gəlmişkən, “filmin tanrısı-rejissordur” fikri də kayu-de cinemaçılara məxsusdu. Trüffo-Qodar, Klod de Şabröl. Və yeri gəlmişkən, yeni dalğa cərəyanının təkanverici qüvvəsi kino tənqid idi. Kİ, Fraqnsa çərçivəsində qalmamışdı. Az qala, bütün dünyaya yayılmışdı. Məsələn, Türkiyədə fərqli kinonun yaranmasına da kino tənqidi təkan vermişdi – Metin Erksan, Mətin Erksan, Lütfü Ömər Akad, Atif Yılmaz, Halit Rəfiğ, Osman Seden və Memduh Ön tənqidçi kimi başlamışdılar kinoda fəaliyyətlərinə və sonra özləri rejissorluq etmişdilər. Yəni, Zvyaqintsevin sözü ilə desək, tənqidçi gecə fənərinə hürən köpək ola bilər. Amma doğru istiqamətdə hürəndə bərk silkələyə bilir. Məsələn, bu gün dünya kino tarixinin dahilərindən sayılan Alfred Hiçkoku müəllif-rejissor kimi fransızlar – Andre Bazen, Trüffo, Klod Şabröl kəşf eləmişdi. Onlara qədər Hiçkok üçüncü dərəcəli detektiv, saspens çəkən rejissor hesab olunurdu.
3. Resenziya- növləri
Resenziya necə yazılır? Burda xüsusi bir düstur yoxdu əslində – hər sahədə olduğu kimi, təbii ki, burda da ilk növbədə işin əlifbasını bilmək lazımdı. Ki, bu əlifba bir qəliz ola bilər – bura kino sənətinin texniki tərəfləri – rejissor operator işi, montaj, dramaturgiya barədə bilgilər, işıqdan istifadə, planlar və sair daxildir.
Əslində resenziyanın – istər kinoda, istər teatrda, istər ədəbiyyada və s – formasını, çoxqatlılığını bilgilərimiz təmin eləyir. Elə buna görə, məşhur kulturoloq, kinoşünas Mixail Yampolski M.Yampolski tənqidi iki böyük tipə ayırır: fəlsəfi və peşəkar: «Peşəkar tənqid filmin spesifik bədii formalarının interpretasiyasına meyllidi. Onu montaj, səs, təhkiyə, təsvirin keyfiyyəti, aktyor oyunu, o cümlədən, kinoistehsalatın iqtisadi amillərinə qədər hər şey narahat eləyir. Fəlsəfi tənqid isə hər şeydən əvvəl filmin dünyanı necə əks etdirdiyi ilə, insani münasibətlərlə maraqlanır. Əlbəttə, bu o demək deyil ki, onlar birləşə və eyni mətnin içində ola bilməzlər. Hətta mən bunu ideal variant hesab eləyirəm. Tənqidi tiplərə bölərkən mən yalnız dominantlardan danışıram». [1]
60-cı illərdə fransız kinotənqidçiləri daha bir dominant tipi- elmi tənqidi müəyyənləşdirmişdilər ki, əslində bu, konkret filmlər haqqında resenziyaları yox, kinonun nəzəri tendensiyalarının araşdırılması və yenilərinin yaradılmasını nəzərdə tuturdu. Kinoşünaslığın elmi tənqid qolunun əsasını qoymuş məşhur fransız kinotənqidçisi Andre Bazenin həmfikirləri- Fransua Trüffo, Jan Lyuk Qodar, Klod Şabröl kimi rejissorlara birlikdə təsis elədiyi “Kayu de sinema” («Les Cahiers du cinema») jurnalı Fransada “Yeni dalğa” cərəyanının nəzəri bazasını formalaşdırmışdı. Bu jurnal ətrafında toplaşanlar həm də italyan neorealizmini təbliğ eləyib, Frits Lanq, Orson Uells, Alfred Hiçkok kimi öz ölkələrində və fəaliyyət göstərdikləri Hollivudda layiqli qiymətini almamış rejissorların yaradıcılıqlarını incələyib onlara qarşı münasibəti dəyişmişdilər.
4. Kinotənqid-təhlil nəyə lazımdır?
Hər nə qədər rejissorlar tənqidçiləri sevməsələr də – bu, ən çox müəllif kinosu çəkənlərə aiddi- tənqidin (oxu: təhlil) kinonun inkişafına, istehsal olunan filmlərin keyfiyyətinə təsiri danılmazdı. Amerikalı kino tənqidçisi Qerald Pirinin sözləri ilə desək, bu gün insanların bir çox yaxşı filmlərdən xəbər tutmağına yalnız ədalətli və dəqiq tənqid şərait yarada bilər. Çünki fərqli səbəblərdən yaxşı filmlərin əksəriyyətinin kifayət qədər reklam olunmaq imkanı yoxdu. Belə hallarda tamaşaçını kinoteatra göndərməkdən ötrü ən optimal yol ekranlara çıxan məhsullara savadlı qiymət verilməsidi.
Q. Pirinin həmyerliləri və həmkarları Polin Keyllə Rocer Ebertin bütün dünyada məşhurluqlarının sirri, məhz, bu idi. Rocer Ebert uzun illər televiziyada kino ilə bağlı veriliş aparıb, Polin Keyl isə Nyu-Yorker”qəzeti ilə əməkdaşlıq eləyib. Hər ikisi kino aləminin ən nüfuzlu tənqidçilərindən hesab olunurdu. Hollivud onların – yəni kinotənqidçilərin sayəsində sıravi amerikalının zövqünü yönləndirirdi.
Və son olaraq
Burda kinotənqidinin tarixindən, yanaşmalardan danışanda dövr olaraq daha çox XX əsrin əvvəlləri, 50-60-ci illərdən danışdıq, amma bu, o demək deyil ki, onların yazıb-dedikləri, yanaşmaları ehkamdı və ordan kənara çıxmaq olmaz. Hər yeni cərəyan, kino yaranan hər yeni tendensiya tənqidçidən də yeni yanaşma, münasibətini dəyişməsini tələb eləyir. Məsələn, əgər dünənə qədər verbal vasitələrdən hədsiz istifadə qüsur sayıla bilirdisə, bu gün verballığın önə keçdiyi mamblkor var: qəhrəmanlar hərəkət etməkdən çox danışırlar. Hərəkətin adı var, özü yoxdu. Bu, artıq fərqli bir dildi. Eynilə bədii və sənədlinin sərhədini şəffalaşdıran postdok da. Əgər dünənə qədə sənədli filmdə bədii kadrlardan istifadə eyib sayılırdısa, bu gün bu artıq bir üslubdu – mokyumentari, dokudram kimi janrları var. Yəni tənqidçi də daim yenilənməlidir.
Tərcümə etdi: Aygün Aslanlı
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At the beginning, I was still puzzled. Since I read your article, I have been very impressed. It has provided a lot of innovative ideas for my thesis related to gate.io. Thank u. But I still have some doubts, can you help me? Thanks.
At the beginning, I was still puzzled. Since I read your article, I have been very impressed. It has provided a lot of innovative ideas for my thesis related to gate.io. Thank u. But I still have some doubts, can you help me? Thanks.
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article. https://www.binance.com/en/register?ref=S5H7X3LP
At the beginning, I was still puzzled. Since I read your article, I have been very impressed. It has provided a lot of innovative ideas for my thesis related to gate.io. Thank u. But I still have some doubts, can you help me? Thanks.
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At the beginning, I was still puzzled. Since I read your article, I have been very impressed. It has provided a lot of innovative ideas for my thesis related to gate.io. Thank u. But I still have some doubts, can you help me? Thanks.
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After reading your article, I have some doubts about gate.io. I don’t know if you’re free? I would like to consult with you. thank you.
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After reading your article, I have some doubts about gate.io. I don’t know if you’re free? I would like to consult with you. thank you.
After reading your article, I have some doubts about gate.io. I don’t know if you’re free? I would like to consult with you. thank you.
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article. https://accounts.binance.com/ka-GE/register-person?ref=RQUR4BEO
After reading your article, I have some doubts about gate.io. I don’t know if you’re free? I would like to consult with you. thank you.
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article. https://www.binance.com/sv/register?ref=FIHEGIZ8
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article.
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article. https://accounts.binance.com/uk-UA/register?ref=UM6SMJM3
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks! https://www.binance.com/zh-CN/register?ref=YY80CKRN
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks!
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you.
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good. https://accounts.binance.com/pt-PT/register-person?ref=IJFGOAID
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article.
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good.
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Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks! https://accounts.binance.com/es/register?ref=DB40ITMB
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?
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Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me.
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good. https://www.binance.com/cs/register?ref=FIHEGIZ8
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you.
Thanks for sharing. I read many of your blog posts, cool, your blog is very good. https://accounts.binance.com/es/register-person?ref=B4EPR6J0
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you.
Você pode ser mais específico sobre o conteúdo do seu artigo? Depois de lê-lo, ainda tenho algumas dúvidas. Espero que possa me ajudar.
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me? https://www.binance.com/sv/register?ref=JHQQKNKN
Your point of view caught my eye and was very interesting. Thanks. I have a question for you. https://accounts.binance.com/sv/register?ref=JHQQKNKN
Thank you for your sharing. I am worried that I lack creative ideas. It is your article that makes me full of hope. Thank you. But, I have a question, can you help me?
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me. https://www.binance.com/vi/register?ref=DB40ITMB
I don’t think the title of your article matches the content lol. Just kidding, mainly because I had some doubts after reading the article. https://accounts.binance.com/cs/register?ref=JHQQKNKN
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Thank you very much for sharing. Your article was very helpful for me to build a paper on gate.io. After reading your article, I think the idea is very good and the creative techniques are also very innovative. However, I have some different opinions, and I will continue to follow your reply.
Thank you very much for sharing. Your article was very helpful for me to build a paper on gate.io. After reading your article, I think the idea is very good and the creative techniques are also very innovative. However, I have some different opinions, and I will continue to follow your reply.
Can you be more specific about the content of your article? After reading it, I still have some doubts. Hope you can help me. https://accounts.binance.com/ka-GE/register?ref=GJY4VW8W
Thank you very much for sharing. Your article was very helpful for me to build a paper on gate.io. After reading your article, I think the idea is very good and the creative techniques are also very innovative. However, I have some different opinions, and I will continue to follow your reply.
Thank you very much for sharing. Your article was very helpful for me to build a paper on gate.io. After reading your article, I think the idea is very good and the creative techniques are also very innovative. However, I have some different opinions, and I will continue to follow your reply.
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I am a website designer. Recently, I am designing a website template about gate.io. The boss’s requirements are very strange, which makes me very difficult. I have consulted many websites, and later I discovered your blog, which is the style I hope to need. thank you very much. Would you allow me to use your blog style as a reference? thank you!
I am a website designer. Recently, I am designing a website template about gate.io. The boss’s requirements are very strange, which makes me very difficult. I have consulted many websites, and later I discovered your blog, which is the style I hope to need. thank you very much. Would you allow me to use your blog style as a reference? thank you!
I am a website designer. Recently, I am designing a website template about gate.io. The boss’s requirements are very strange, which makes me very difficult. I have consulted many websites, and later I discovered your blog, which is the style I hope to need. thank you very much. Would you allow me to use your blog style as a reference? thank you!
I am a website designer. Recently, I am designing a website template about gate.io. The boss’s requirements are very strange, which makes me very difficult. I have consulted many websites, and later I discovered your blog, which is the style I hope to need. thank you very much. Would you allow me to use your blog style as a reference? thank you!
The point of view of your article has taught me a lot, and I already know how to improve the paper on gate.oi, thank you. https://www.gate.io/pt-br/signup/XwNAU
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I am a student of BAK College. The recent paper competition gave me a lot of headaches, and I checked a lot of information. Finally, after reading your article, it suddenly dawned on me that I can still have such an idea. grateful. But I still have some questions, hope you can help me.
I am a student of BAK College. The recent paper competition gave me a lot of headaches, and I checked a lot of information. Finally, after reading your article, it suddenly dawned on me that I can still have such an idea. grateful. But I still have some questions, hope you can help me.
I am a student of BAK College. The recent paper competition gave me a lot of headaches, and I checked a lot of information. Finally, after reading your article, it suddenly dawned on me that I can still have such an idea. grateful. But I still have some questions, hope you can help me.
I am a student of BAK College. The recent paper competition gave me a lot of headaches, and I checked a lot of information. Finally, after reading your article, it suddenly dawned on me that I can still have such an idea. grateful. But I still have some questions, hope you can help me.
I am a student of BAK College. The recent paper competition gave me a lot of headaches, and I checked a lot of information. Finally, after reading your article, it suddenly dawned on me that I can still have such an idea. grateful. But I still have some questions, hope you can help me.
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The point of view of your article has taught me a lot, and I already know how to improve the paper on gate.oi, thank you. https://www.gate.io/fr/signup/XwNAU
The point of view of your article has taught me a lot, and I already know how to improve the paper on gate.oi, thank you. https://www.gate.io/pt/signup/XwNAU
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The point of view of your article has taught me a lot, and I already know how to improve the paper on gate.oi, thank you. https://www.gate.io/fr/signup/XwNAU
I may need your help. I’ve been doing research on gate io recently, and I’ve tried a lot of different things. Later, I read your article, and I think your way of writing has given me some innovative ideas, thank you very much.
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I have read your article carefully and I agree with you very much. This has provided a great help for my thesis writing, and I will seriously improve it. However, I don’t know much about a certain place. Can you help me? https://www.gate.io/id/signup/XwNAU
The point of view of your article has taught me a lot, and I already know how to improve the paper on gate.oi, thank you. https://www.gate.io/uk/signup/XwNAU